Sustainable cultural experiences: creative tourism practices in the Mexican Creative Cities by UNESCO
Abstract
The systematization of creative tourism practices implemented in the context of Mexico's Creative Cities program is the central objective of this paper. These nine cities, recognized by UNESCO for their cultural vitality, offer a unique intersection of creativity, cultural heritage and tourism, positioning them as a catalytic network for sustainable development in the contemporary tourism landscape. Thus, the concept of creative tourism is unveiled to facilitate meaningful interactions between travelers and local culture; the backdrop of the Mexican Creative Cities is established, analyzing the use of their designation by UNESCO with the promotion of creative industries and the preservation of intangible cultural assets through tourism. It delves into the creative tourism offer, showing how visitors actively engage with the creative essence of the cities and examines the narratives constructed by and for tourists, considering the potential for exoticization or commodification of local cultures by foreigners. The overall picture of the influence of creative tourism practices on the transformation of urban cultural identities is discussed, as well as a nuanced understanding of their impact on both tourists and host communities. Finally, the contribution of creative tourism to the preservation or transformation of cultural heritage in the cities analyzed is concluded.
References
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Salmna, D. & Uygur, D. (2010). Creative tourism and emotional labor: An investigatory model of possible interactions. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), 186-197.
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Alberts, H. C. & Hazen, H. D. (2010). Maintaining authenticity and integrity at cultural world heritage sites. In Geographical Review, 1(100), 56-73.
Ali, F., Ryu, K. & Hussain, K.v (2016). Influence of experiences on memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions: A study of creative tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 86-100.
Athanassiou, E. (2012). The mechanical reproduction of cultural heritage: shifting from touristic areas to public spaces. A: Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism. 6th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU): TOURBANISM, Barcelona, 25-27, p. 1-10.
Apostolakis, A. (2003). The convergence process in heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30 (4), 795-812.
Blapp, M. (2015). Creative tourism in Bali’s rural communities. Examination of the current offer and advice on future product development (unplublished master’s thesis). Breda University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands.
Booyens, I., Rogerson, C.M. (2015). Creative tourism in Cape Town: An innovation perspective. Urban Forum, 26(4), 405-424.
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Bruin, A., Jelinčić, D.A. (2016). Toward extending creative tourism: Participatory examination of creative tourists’ motivation, experience, perceived value and revisit intention. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 401-419.
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Cardoso Jiménez, C., (2006). Turismo Sostenible: una revisión conceptual aplicada. El Periplo Sustentable, (11), 5-21.
Carreño, F., Carrasco, R.J. (2015). Epistemología de la sustentabilidad. México, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Estudios e Investigación en Desarrollo Sustentable.
Castells, M. (1999). La era de la información: economía, sociedad y cultura. Madrid, Alianza.
Chang, L.L., Backman, K.F. & Huang, Y.C. (2014). Creative tourism: a preliminary examination of creative tourists’ motivation, experience, perceived value and revisit intention. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 401-419.
Cole, S.T., Chancellor, H.C. (2009). Examining the festival attributes that impact visitor experience, satisfaction and revisit intention. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15 (4), 323-333
Crozet, C. (2017) Globalization and Culture. en Ali Farazmand (ed) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Nueva York, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1-8.
Fernandes, C. & Rachão, S. (2014). Reinventing tourism at a tradicional cultural tourism destination: A case study of Viana do Castelo (Portugal). International Journal of Business and Globalization, 12(3), 281-296.
Florida, R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life. San Francisco, Basic Books.
Fortuna, C. (2012). Património, turismo e emoção. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, 97, 23-40.
GFN, https://data.footprintnetwork.org. (consultado 20 de enero de 2024)
Gurry, F. (2009). La crisis económica mundial y las perspectivas económicas. Cumbre Mundial de Institutos de Estudios. OMPI (Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual).
Henriques, C. H. (2019). Turismo cultural como vetor de sustentabilidade nas cidades. cultural urban tourism and its sustainability. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research, 2(4), 327-352.
Kekutt, E. (2019). Cultural creative industries: tourism developing the regional economy powering arraigo and autocton culture. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research, 3(1), 33-43.
Landry, C., Bianchini, F. (1995). The creative city. Londres. Editorial Demos.
Landry, C. (2000). The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators. Londres. Earthscan Publications Ltd.
Lee, Y., Lee B., Hossain M.T., (2019). Urban revival by Millennials? Intraurban net migration patterns of young adults, 1980–2010, Journal of Regional Science, 59(3), 538-566.
Leffel, B., Marahrens,H., & Alderson, A.S.(2023). Divergence of the world city system from national economies. Global Networks, 23, 459–477.
Luo, J., Yi Jian, I., H.K. Yung, E., H.W. Chan, E. y Chen, W. (2022). Pursuing social cohesion in cultural tourism destinations: liminality as a mediator. Current Issues in Tourism. 1-17.
Mellander, C., Florida, R. (2021). The Rise of Skills: Human Capital, the Creative Class, and Regional Development. en: Fischer, M.M., Nijkamp, P. (eds) Handbook of Regional Science. Berlin, Springer. pp. 707-719.
Muñoz, F. (2009). Urbanalización. Paisajes Comunes, Lugares Globales. Barcelona, Gustavo Gili.
ONU-Hábitat, Programa de Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (2016). Documento de cultura urbana y patrimonio. Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Vivienda y el Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible. Habitat III. Quito.
ONU-Hábitat, Programa de Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos (2018). Urbanización en México. Recuperado de: https://unhabitat.org/fr/node/4534
Oosterlynck, S., Beeckmans, L., Bassens, D., Derudder, B., Segaert, B. and Braeckmans, L. (2019). The city as a global political actor, Londres, Oxon Routledge.
Palenčíková, Z., Csapó, J., 2021. Creative tourism as a new tourism product in Slovakia. The theoretical and practical analysis of creative tourism: formation, importance, trends. Slovakia, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Faculty of Central European Studies. p. 12, 43
Ratz, Tamara. Michalkó, Gábor. (2011). The contribution of tourism to well-being and welfare: the case of Hungary. International Journal of Sustainable Development. 14 ( 3-4), 332-346
Remoaldo, P., Ghanian, M., Alves, J. (2020). Exploring the Experience of Creative Tourism in the Northern Region of Portugal-A Gender Perspective. Sustainability, 12(24), 10408.
Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and the tourism. The state of the art. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No 4, p. 1225-1253.
Richards, G. (2014). Creativity and tourism in the city. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(2), 119-144.
Richards, G. & Raymond, C. (2000). Creative tourism. Atlas News, 23 (8), 16-20.
Richards, G. (2001). Cultural attractions and European tourism. Tilburgo, Cabi
Richards, G. & Wilson, J. (2006a). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture? Tourism Management, 27(6), 1209-1223.
Richards, G. & Wilson, J. (2006b). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1209-1233
Richards, G., 2011. Creativity and the tourism. The state of the art. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1238
Rist, S., Dahdouh-Guebas, F. (2006). Ethnosciences - A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 8, 467–493
Saayman, M., Van der Merwe, A. (2014). Factors determining visitors’ memorable wine-tasting experience at wineries. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 26(3), 372-383.
Salmna, D. & Uygur, D. (2010). Creative tourism and emotional labor: An investigatory model of possible interactions. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), 186-197.
Salvado, J., Ferreira, A. M., Serra, J. & Marujo, N. (2020). The creative and cultural tourism ecosystem: A conceptual model. Dos Algarves: A Multidisciplinary e-Journal, 38, 59-88.
Santagata, Walter. (2010). The Culture Factory: Creativity and the Production of Culture. Heidelberg, Springer Science & Business Media.
Sava, D. (2021). The Creative Tourism-An Interactive Type of Cultural Tourism. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 21 (2), 486-492.
Šlaus, I., Jacobs, G. (2011). Human Capital and Sustainability. Sustainability. 3, 97-154.
Smriti, D., Ambulkar, S., Meng, O., Kaimal, G. Ramotar, K., Young Park, S., Huh-Yoo, J., (2022) Creative arts therapies for the mental health of emerging adults: A systematic review. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 77 ,101861.
Solórzano, M. (2019). Creative tourism and opportunities for world heritage cities and magical towns in Mexico. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research. 2(3), 44-64.
Stebbins, R. A. (1992). Amateurs, Professionals and Serious Leissure. Québec. McGill-Queen University Press.
Tresserras, J. (2022). El turismo cultural y creativo hoy. Francia. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura.
Toledo, V. M. (2002). Ethnoecology: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Indigenous Knowledge of Nature. En Ethnobiology and biocultural diversity: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of Ethnobiology, Atenas, Georgia, Estados Unidos, Octubre 2000, (pp. 511-522). International Society of Ethnobiology, c/o University of Georgia Press.
UN Environment (2019). Global Environment Outlook – GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People. Nairobi, Cambridge University Press.
UNESCO, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (2006). Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism: discussion report of the planning meeting for the 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism. Estados Unidos de América, UNESCO.
UNESCO, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (2020). La cultura en crisis: guía de políticas para un sector creativo resiliente. Corea, UNESCO.
UNESCO, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, International Bank for Reconstrucción and Development/ The World Bank (2021). Cities, Culture, Creativity: Leveraging culture and creativity for sustainable urban development and inclusive growth. Estados Unidos de América, Banco Mundial.
UNESCO, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (2022). World Conference on Cultural Policies. México, UNESCO.
UNESCO, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (2023). Empowering creativity: implementing the UNESCO 1980 Recommendation Concerning the Status of the Artist. Francia. UNESCO
Whitting, J. & Hannam, K. (2014). Journeys of inspiration: Working artists’ reflections on tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39, pp. 65-75.
WTTC. www.wttc.org (consultado el 13 de febrero 2024)
Published
2024-03-27
How to Cite
Vázquez-Alemán, A. E., Campos Cámara, B., & Frausto Martínez, Óscar. (2024, March 27). Sustainable cultural experiences: creative tourism practices in the Mexican Creative Cities by UNESCO. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research, 7(2), 130-148. Retrieved from http://www.jthr.es/index.php/journal/article/view/564
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